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The first scientists to coin the term “trained immunity” were Mihai G. Netea, Jessica Quintin, and Jos WM van der Meer in a ‘Perspective’article in 2011 [2]. With the publication of vast amounts of experimental data and follow-up reviews, the concept that the innate immune system can develop a memory function in parallel to the well-recognized adaptive memory, mediated by B and T lymphocytes, is largely accepted. The cells that are responsible for trained immunity are mainly myeloid cells (monocytes, macrophages) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), such as natural killer (NK) cells and helper ILCs [3]. Studies of trained immunity frequently focus on infections, revealing increased protection against the same or a different pathogen after the first encounter with a microbe.

Among the infectious agents investigated in this context, Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), an attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain used in many …