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We utilize Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging and spectroscopy of~ 53,000 star-forming galaxies at z~ 0.1 to study the relation between stellar mass and gas-phase metallicity. We derive gas-phase oxygen abundances and stellar masses using new techniques that make use of the latest stellar evolutionary synthesis and photoionization models. We find a tight (±0.1 dex) correlation between stellar mass and metallicity spanning over 3 orders of magnitude in stellar mass and a factor of 10 in metallicity. The relation is relatively steep from 10 8.5 to 10 10.5 M☉ h, in good accord with known trends between luminosity and metallicity, but flattens above 10 10.5 M☉. We use indirect estimates of the gas mass based on the Hα luminosity to compare our data to predictions from simple closed box chemical evolution models. We show that metal loss is strongly anticorrelated with baryonic mass, with low-mass dwarf galaxies …