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This study investigated the influence of two representative suspended clay particles, bentonite and kaolinite, on the transport of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO₂) in saturated quartz sand in both NaCl (1 and 10 mM ionic strength) and CaCl₂ solutions (0.1 and 1 mM ionic strength) at pH 7. The breakthrough curves of nTiO₂ with bentonite or kaolinite were higher than those without the presence of clay particles in NaCl solutions, indicating that both types of clay particles increased nTiO₂ transport in NaCl solutions. Moreover, the enhancement of nTiO₂ transport was more significant when bentonite was present in nTiO₂ suspensions relative to kaolinite. Similar to NaCl solutions, in CaCl₂ solutions, the breakthrough curves of nTiO₂ with bentonite were also higher than those without clay particles, while the breakthrough curves of nTiO₂ with kaolinite were lower than those without clay particles. Clearly, in CaCl₂ …