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A primary goal of developmental cognitive neuroscience is to elucidate the relation between brain development and cognitive development (see Nelson & Luciana, 2001). The study of this relation in children older than 5–6 years lends itself to many of the same tools used in the adult, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, in children younger than this, limitations in motor and linguistic abilities, coupled with abbreviated attention spans, make the use of such tools impractical. In contrast, electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) provide some of the only noninvasive methodological techniques in the armamentarium of cognitive neuroscientists that allow researchers to examine the relation between brain and behavior beginning at birth. Both EEG and ERPs measure electrical activity of the brain recorded from scalp electrodes and can be utilized across the entire …