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Integrated diffractive optical neural networks (DONNs) have significant potential for complex machine learning tasks with high speed and ultralow energy consumption. However, the on-chip implementation of a high-performance optical neural network is limited by input dimensions. In contrast to existing photonic neural networks, a space-time interleaving technology based on arrayed waveguides is designed to realize an on-chip DONN with high-speed, high-dimensional, and all-optical input signal modulation. To demonstrate the performance of the on-chip DONN with high-speed space-time interleaving modulation, an on-chip DONN with a designed footprint of 0.0945?mm^2 is proposed to resolve the vowel recognition task, reaching a computation speed of about 1.4×10^13 operations per second and yielding an accuracy of 98.3% in numerical calculation. In addition, the function of the specially designed …