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Anaemia and iron deficiency (ID) are frequent complications in patients with solid tumours or haematological malignancies, particularly in patients treated with chemotherapeutic agents [1–3]. Frequently, anaemia is associated with fatigue, impaired physical function and reduced quality of life (QoL)[4–7]. Consequences of anaemia may include impaired response to cancer treatment and reduced overall survival (OS), even though a causal direct relationship has not yet been established [8, 9]. These new ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines provide tools to evaluate anaemia, also in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and include recommendations on how to safely manage chemotherapy-induced anaemia(CIA) with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron preparations for intravenous (iv) or oral administration, red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and combinations of these treatments [10–13]. The …