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With billions of IoT devices producing vast data globally, privacy and efficiency challenges arise in AI applications. Federated learning (FL) has been widely adopted to train deep neural networks (DNNs) without privacy leakage. Existing centralized and decentralized FL architectures have limitations, including memory burden, huge bandwidth pressure and non-IID data issues. This paper introduces a novel framework, named FedCD, merging the benefits of both centralized and decentralized FL architectures. FedCD strategically distributes the model based on layer sizes and consensus distances (measuring the deviation between the local models and the global average models), effectively relieving network bandwidth pressures and accelerating training speed even under the non-IID setting. This method significantly mitigates resource constraints and improves model accuracy, offering a promising solution to the …