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The demand for data privacy is rapidly increasing with the growing volume of personal and sensitive information shared to compute mathematical functions. Some of the traditional data encryption techniques provide data privacy but fail in hassle-free sharing. Therefore, the third-party users can not perform mathematical computations over the data to generate meaningful outcomes. In this situation, ciphertext processing techniques are used. Ciphertext processing techniques provide computations over encrypted data. The survey discusses the ciphertext processing techniques that enable mathematical computations over the encrypted data to third-party users while maintaining data privacy. The ciphertext processing techniques also enable privacy-preserving data analysis using machine learning or statistical tools. In addition, we discuss the applications of ciphertext processing techniques. We present the research …