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A five-factor structure of general beliefs or social axioms was established in five cultures by Leung et al.(2002). This chapter describes a global research program designed to evaluate the universality and meaning of this structure. Student data from 40 cultures and adult data from 13 cultures were collected, with both types of data providing strong support for the generality of this five-factor structure. Specifically, social cynicism indicates the extent to which actors expect positive versus negative outcomes from their engagements with life, especially with more powerful others. Social complexity indicates an actor's judgments about the variability of individual behavior and the number of influences involved in determining social outcomes, both issues reflecting a complex theory of social causation.(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)