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The relationship between ideological factors-values, beliefs, meanings—and identification with social movements and participation in their activities has rarely been treated systematically or dialectically in either the theoretical or empirical literature. With the exception of a few general discussions of social movements (Turner and Killian 1987; Wilson 1973) and a scattering of critical essays (Ferree and Miller 1985; Zurcher and Snow 1981), ideational elements tend to be treated in primarily descriptive rather than analytical terms. What this treatment typically involves is a description of movement ideology or value orientation as prefatory to the analytic task of explaining the emergence and operation of social movements.

This tendency to sidestep or gloss ideological considerations in favor of other factors is particularly evident in the two current fashionable approaches to the analysis of social movements—the new social movements approach in Western Europe and the resource mobilization perspective in the United States. In the case of the former, movements are seen primarily as the carriers or transmitters of programs for action that arise from new structural dislocations. Collective action or social movement activity is seemingly contingent upon a kind of