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Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) has been widely applied as a powerful reliability analysis technique to identify and eliminate system failures in various industries. Though many contributions have been made to improve the traditional FMEA, some challenges still exist. For example, how to deal with different types of risk information involved in FMEA due to the heterogeneity of risk factors. Additionally, the influence of the relationship between failure modes and the attenuation effect on the final risk priority deserves further study. Motivated by these challenges, we propose an improved risk prioritization method. First, heterogeneous information expression structures (i.e., crisp numbers, interval numbers, triangular fuzzy numbers, linguistic Z-numbers) are utilized to describe risk factors from quantitative and qualitative aspects. Then, the initial risk priority numbers (RPNs) of failure modes are determined without …