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High photoconversion efficiency for photoelectrochemical water splitting was obtained using nanocaves TiO₂ and highly uniformed TiO₂ nanotubes. The photoanodes were synthesized via electrochemical anodization of a titanium foil in a glycerol-based solution containing NH₄F at 10 V. Pulse electrodeposition was used to incorporate Cu ions into the uniform TiO₂ nanotubes. The photoconversion efficiency performance was examined under simulated visible light illumination (ʎ ≥ 380 nm) in a 1 M solution of NaOH. The photocurrent density, the Mott-Schottky, the EIS, and the photoconversion efficiency measurements were determined. The highest photocurrent density i.e. 5.77 mA cm^-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE was obtained from nanocaves TiO₂ photoanode. The incorporation of Cu resulted in a reduction in photocatalytic activity of the oxygen evaluation reaction (OER) and an increase of the hydrogen evolution …