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Evaporation is an essential component in hydrological processes, and accurate estimation of evaporation is of importance for sustainable management of water resources. This study conducted a national-scale assessment of different models for pan evaporation (E_pan) estimation at 178 meteorological stations across different climatic zones of China, including the temperate continental zone (TCZ), temperate monsoon zone (TMZ), mountain plateau zone (MPZ) and subtropical monsoon zone (SMZ). Firstly, three data-driven models, including extreme learning machine (ELM), artificial neural networks optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO-ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA-ANN), were trained with nine input combinations of climatic variables. The performance of the 27 proposed models along with the empirical Stephens and Stewart (SS) and physically-based PenPan models were investigated and …