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Forms of partial ventilatory assistance are increasingly used in patients with acute respiratory failure (arF), because they offer, compared to controlled modes, some advantages like reduced need for sedation, decreased risk of hemodynamic impairment, respiratory muscles atrophy and dysfunction. Furthermore, these modes can be applied both in invasive and noninvasive ventilation. 1 these advantages, however, may be limited by poor patient-ventilator interaction causing discomfort, agitation, increased work of breathing and worsening of gas exchange. the