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Biometrics in modern computer science is defined as the automated use of biological properties to identify individuals. The early use of biometrics can be dated back to nearly 4000 years ago when the Babylon Empire legislated the use of fingerprints to protect a legal contract against forgery and falsification by having the fingerprints impressed into the clay tablet on which the contract had been written. Nowadays, the wide use of the Internet and mobile devices has brought out the booming of the biometric applications, and research on biometrics has been drastically expanded into many new domains.

The research trends in biometric research may be categorized into three directions. The first direction is toward the broader Internet and mobile applications. This brings out a number of new topics to utilize biometrics in mobile banking, health care, medical archiving, cybersecurity, and privacy as a service, etc. These …