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Background

The study of tumor microenvironment (TME) has become more and more important over the past few decades as it plays a critical role in cancer development. Studies have been focusing on investigating the immune components within TME as prediction biomarkers to increase immunotherapy efficacy and to assist patient stratification for precision immune therapy due to single biomarkers’ inability to stratify the different therapy strategies, in this study we employed the multiplex immunohistochemistry (multiplex-IHC) to illustrate multiple biomarkers within TME in single tissue section and explore the immune contexture in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Due to antigen properties, the different antigen retrieval solutions, the concentration of detecting antibodies, and staining sequential on each staining step in multiplex IHC will affect the efficacy of staining outcome, therefore, optimization of those …