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Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer among males globally, however, the survival rate is favorable in most patients. In a small number of patients, who suffer from advanced or invasive cancer, various side effects such as secondary malignancies or treatment-related secondary malignancies (SMs) may be seen.

To systematically asses the risk of secondary malignancies in patients with prostate cancer.

We have searched for longitudinal studies through databases of Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed for all available data up to September 2019.

Studies with longitudinal design on prostate cancer patients that declared the results in SIR or those that the SIR could be calculated were eligible.

The heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² test. According to the results and in case of I² ≥ 50%, the random effect model was used to combine the results. To identify the cause of heterogeneity in the studies, the analysis of sub-groups was performed based on the site of secondary malignancy, the treatment procedure, and duration of follow-up. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11.

Overall SIR and based on treatment of prostate cancer and duration of follow-up.

Twenty-six studies involving more than 2223,704 patients with PC and more than 86034 cases of SMs were entered into this study. The meta-analysis showed that the risk of cancer after PC was 1.03 (95% CI 0.90 - 1.15) and the SIRs of some cancers such as the bladder 1.52 (1.06 - 1.99) and melanoma 1.32 (0.78 - 1 …