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In recent years, concerns on energy consumption and greenhouse pollution due to the operation of wireless devices have triggered a vast amount of research work on the so called green wireless technologies, leading to new, energy-aware proposals. Even for the case of battery powered devices, where energy conservation is a key design goal, new approaches have been proposed, based on a better understanding of the cost-performance trade-offs introduced by energy efficient operation, while increasingly focusing on emerging communication technologies, e.g., body sensor networks, MIMO or LTE. This paper presents a survey of the recent proposals for green wireless communications, with a view to understanding the most relevant sources of inefficient energy consumption and how these are tackled by current solutions. We introduce a classification of the existing mechanisms based on their operational time …