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Smart factory under Industry 4.0 and industrial Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted much attention from both academia and industry. In wireless industrial networks, industrial IoT and IoT devices have different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, ranging from ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) to high transmission data rates. These industrial networks will be highly complex and heterogeneous, as well as the spectrum and energy resources are severely limited. Hence, this article presents a heterogeneous radio frequency (RF)/visible light communication (VLC) industrial network architecture to guarantee the different QoS requirements, where RF is capable of offering wide-area coverage and VLC has the ability to provide high transmission data rate. A joint uplink and downlink energy-efficient resource management decision-making problem (network selection, subchannel assignment, and power …