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Fibers-based composite materials have attracted wide attention due to their low weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, and high durability. By functionally modifying the fiber materials, fibers-based composite materials can not only maintain their original properties, but also improve or overcome the weaknesses of any single material. This paper primarily introduces several common fibers-based reinforcing materials (glass fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers, poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) fibers, basalt fibers and their composite materials, and also introduces several commonly used modification methods and their corresponding modification mechanisms. Modified fibers-based composites exhibit better mechanical properties, impact resistance, wear resistance, and fire resistance, making them suitable for use in various fields such as aerospace, high-rise …