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Hind JA, Nicosia MA, Roecker EB, Carnes ML, Robbins J. Comparison of effortful and noneffortful swallows in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1661-5.

To assess the effects of effortful swallowing, a common compensatory strategy for dysphagia, on the bolus and swallowing mechanism of middle-aged and older men and women.

Case-controlled design in which subjects completed both the intervention technique and the control behavior.

A university hospital.

Sixty-four healthy men and women between 45 and 93 years of age from the community.

Participants swallowed 3-mL thin liquid boluses both normally and using the effortful swallow strategy.

The biomechanics and bolus flow patterns of swallows were analyzed from videofluoroscopic and simultaneous oral pressure data.

Subjects at …