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How are multiple levels of brain organization coordinated to control visual learning, attention, and recognition? A realistic model of cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical visual learning and information processing investigates how higher-order specific thalamic nuclei as well as nonspecific thalamic nuclei, such as the midline and intralaminar nuclei, interact with multiple cortical areas for this purpose. The model embodies detailed predictions about how the various layers of cortical and thalamic regions interact. It hereby proposes how synchronization of neuronal spiking occurs within and across multiple brain regions and thalamic nuclei and simulates the functional link between synchronization and spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. The model is described in terms of spiking neurons that obey Hodgkin-Huxley type dynamics. Its operations explicate across multiple levels of description (biophysical …