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It has been suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could be associated with B-cell clonal expansion. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between lymphoproliferative disorders and HCV infection in liver transplant recipients. We studied 157 patients receiving a liver transplant between January 1989 and May 1997 with a follow-up longer than 3 months. The incidence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) was analyzed with reference to the indication for liver transplantation, the induction and maintenance immunosuppression, the incidence of acute rejection episodes, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Six PTLDs occurred after a median posttransplant follow-up of 7 months (3.8%). Four of the 6 PTLDs occurred among the 38 patients transplanted for HCV-related cirrhosis, and 2 PTLDs occurred in the 119 patients receiving a liver transplant for non-HCV liver diseases …