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A framework for linear-programming (LP) decoding of nonbinary linear codes over rings is developed. This framework facilitates LP-based reception for coded modulation systems which use direct modulation mapping of coded symbols. It is proved that the resulting LP decoder has the ldquomaximum-likelihood (ML) certificaterdquo property. It is also shown that the decoder output is the lowest cost pseudocodeword. Equivalence between pseudocodewords of the linear program and pseudocodewords of graph covers is proved. It is also proved that if the modulator-channel combination satisfies a particular symmetry condition, the codeword error rate performance is independent of the transmitted codeword. Two alternative polytopes for use with LP decoding are studied, and it is shown that for many classes of codes these polytopes yield a complexity advantage for decoding. These polytope representations lead to …