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A twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel was subjected to a simple processing route (i.e. cold rolling followed by a recovery heat treatment) suitable for large-scale industrial production, resulting in the production of a strong and ductile nanotwinned steel. This nanotwinned steel combines high yield strength (1450 MPa), high ultimate tensile strength (1600 MPa) and good ductility (25% total elongation). Detailed transmission electron microscopy observation reveals that the twin volume fraction of the nanotwinned steel remains constant during tensile deformation. This is different to the deformation behaviour of recrystallized TWIP steels whose twin volume fraction increase continuously with strain during tensile deformation. The constant twin volume fraction indicates that a maximum twin volume fraction has been reached during the cold rolling process. In contrast, the dislocation density of the nanotwinned steel …