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Every human is born with a certain number of nephrons. Assessing that number (ie, nephron mass) is important because a low nephron mass at birth is a risk factor for hypertension and/or CKD. A reduced number of nephrons leads to hyperfiltration in the remaining ones, increasing intraglomerular pressure and, in the long term, glomerulosclerosis (1). This mechanism explains why kidney function may continue to decline in patients with CKD even when the primary insult is gone. Unfortunately, estimating nephron mass is not currently possible without kidney biopsy studies. The level of uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein) in urine is a candidate to estimate nephron mass because the protein is synthesized by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and is essentially released into the urine. We hypothesized that if urinary uromodulin is a proxy of nephron mass, then (1) it should be associated with the known …