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A low vitamin D status and inadequate calcium intake are important risk factors for various types of cancer. Ecological studies using solar UV-B exposure as an index of vitamin D₃ photoproduction in the skin found a highly significant inverse association between UV-B and mortality in fifteen types of cancer. Of these, colon, rectal, breast, gastric, endometrial, renal and ovarian cancer exhibit a significant inverse relationship between incidence and oral intake of calcium. In addition, lung and endometrial cancer as well as multiple myeloma are considered calcium and vitamin D sensitive. Studies on tissue-specific expression of the CYP27B1-encoded 25-hdroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase and of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) have led to an understanding how locally produced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)₂D₃) and extracellular Ca²⁺ act jointly as key regulators of cellular proliferation …