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Despite the extensive use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various fields, adequate knowledge of human health risk and potential toxicity is still lacking. The human lymphocytes play a major role in the immune system, and it can alter the antioxidant level when exposed to NPs. Identification of the hazardous NPs was done using in vitro toxicity tests and this study mainly focuses on the comparative in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of four different NPs including cobalt (II, III) oxide (Co₃O₄), iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) on human lymphocytes. The Co₃O₄ NPs showed decrease in cellular viability and increase in cell membrane damage followed by Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, and Al₂O₃ NPs in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h of exposure to human lymphocytes. The oxidative stress was evidenced in human lymphocytes by the induction of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation …