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Wireless electronic devices are becoming more and more powerful while remaining portable and affordable. Some of the smartphones and tablets on the market today are equipped with multi-core CPUs and GPUs and have comparable computing capabilities to PCs, along with the improved network bandwidth and connectivity provided by cellular networks. Given this state of current technology, in this dissertation we develop a variety of techniques to enable energy efficient sensing and computing systems. As an example of such a system, consider a personal healthcare system, where wireless sensors are used to gather physiological data and send the data to a local cloudlet. The local cloudlet preprocesses the data and transmits the data to a remote cloud server for computation and storage purposes. Data analysis results are sent back to the cloudlet or directly to the user's smartphone for display.