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Global climate change, exacerbated by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, notably carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, provides huge risks to the environment, development, and sustainability. This study empirically investigated the dynamic impacts of economic growth, fossil fuel energy use, renewable energy use, and agricultural productivity on CO₂ emissions in Nepal. Time series data from 1990 to 2019 were utilized by applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach followed by the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The ARDL bounds test revealed evidence of cointegration among the variables. The DOLS findings revealed that an increase in economic growth and fossil fuel energy use by 1% for each variable would increase CO₂ emissions by 0.61% and 0.67%, respectively. Conversely, a 1% increase in renewable energy use and agricultural productivity may lead to …