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In evaluating the existing theory and evidence on Ricardian equivalence, it is essential to distinguish between the short-run effects of government borrowing (primarily the potential for stimulating aggregate demand) and the long-run effects (primarily the potential for depressing capital accumulation). I argue that the theoretical case for long-run neutrality is extremely weak, in that it depends upon improbable assumptions that are either directly or indirectly falsified through empirical observation. In contrast, the approximate validity of short-run neutrality depends primarily upon assumptions that have at least an aura of plausibility. Nevertheless, even in this case behavioral evidence weighs heavily against the Ricardian view. Efforts to measure the economic effects of deficits directly through aggregate data confront a number of problems which, taken together, may well be insuperable. It is therefore not at all surprising …