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The rapid growth of wireless communication technology has resulted in the increasing demand on spectrum resources. However, according to a recent study, most of the allocated frequency experiences significant underutilization. One important issue associated with spectrum management in heterogeneous cognitive radio networks is: How to appropriately allocate the spectrum to secondary sender-destination (S-D) pair for sensing and utilization. In this paper, the authors investigate the spectrum allocation problem under a more practical scenario where the heterogeneous characteristics of both the secondary S-D and primary channels are taken into consideration. With the objective to maximize the achievable throughput for secondary S-D, we formulate the spectrum allocation problem as a linear integer optimization problem under spectrum availability constraint, spectrum span constraint, and interference free …