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Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 13.1 Autism and the importance of brain connectivity . . . . . . . . . . 246 13.2 Review of ndings in brain connectivity and autism . . . . . . . . 24913.2.1 Structural connectivity studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 13.2.2 Functional and effective connectivity studies . . . . . . . 25113.2.2.1 Resting-state studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 13.2.2.2 Task-based studies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25313.3 How to characterize brain networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 13.4 Connectivity explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 13.5 Measuring functional or effective connectivity withgraph theory methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 13.6 Measuring effective connectivity with Granger causality . . . . 26313.6.1 Denition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 13.6.2 Mathematical form of GC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 13.6.3 Conditional Granger …