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Energy storage is essential to address the intermittent issues of renewable energy systems, thereby enhancing system stability and reliability. This paper presents the design and operation optimisation of hydrogen/battery/hybrid energy storage systems considering component degradation and energy cost volatility. The study examines a real-world case study, which is a grid-connected warehouse located in a tropical climate zone with a photovoltaic solar system. An accurate and robust Multi-Objective Modified Firefly Algorithm (MOMFA) is proposed for the optimal design and operation of the energy storage systems of the case study. To further demonstrate the robustness and versatility of the optimisation method, another synthetic case is tested for a location in a temperate climate zone that has a high seasonal mismatch. The modelling results show that the system in the tropical zone always provides a superior …