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Bio-synthesis of cerium (IV) oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs) has been performed through a sol-gel method that involved the utilization of Rheum Turkestanicum plant extract as the stabilizing agent.  The obtained nanoparticles have been identified throughout FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, FESEM/EDX/PSA, and TGA/DTA techniques. The XRD pattern has been presented the cubic fluorite structure of CeO₂-NPs, which had indicated the particle size about 30 nm.  The UV-Vis spectrum of nanoparticles has presented a strong adsorption band. The FESEM/PSA images have exhibited the spherical shape of CeO₂-NPs. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of CeO₂-NPs has been investigated by performing the decolorization of MB, RhB, and MO dyes under UVA light, which are associated with sewage water pollutants. The results of MTT assay has reported that the cytotoxicity effect of CeO₂-NPs on PC12 cell lines had not …