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The UK transition from a 2 + 1 to a 1 + 1 infant immunisation schedule with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on Jan 1, 2020, coincided with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in England over 6 financial years (April 1 to March 31) between 2017–18 and 2022–23.

We used prospective national surveillance data, including serotyping and whole-genome sequencing of invasive isolates, to analyse IPD trends in England by age and financial year. We compared breakthrough infections and vaccine failure rates in 2022–23 among children eligible for the 1 + 1 schedule with rates in cohorts of children eligible for the 2 + 1 schedule between 2017–18 and 2019–20. We assessed genomic changes over time by comparing Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Clusters and multilocus sequence types …