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The objective of this research is to understand what smart charging can bring business and society at large. In close collaboration with the largest fleet operator in the world and a commercial aggregator, the impact of smart charging on both cost reduction and carbon reduction was simulated for an electric vehicle (EV) fleet in 2018. The simulation is designed to quantify the cost reduction of EV smart charging in The Netherlands as realistic as possible. Besides cost reduction quantification, the objective is to create a better understanding of what variables influence smart charging cost reduction. This is done via a statistical analysis of the smart charging simulations output. Furthermore, this research also has the objective find the direct impact of smart charging on carbon intensity of the electricity used for personal transport.
In this research, an EV aggregators perspective is leading. The EV aggregators could utilizing available flexibility in an EV fleet to deliver flexibility services. The strategy chosen to simulate is based on day ahead market optimization and passive balancing on the imbalance market. The EV fleet is assumed to be an isolated portfolio handled by the balance responsible party (BRP). The average synthetic load profile over 2018 was €41,56 per MWh and this is used as benchmark to quantify the smart charging savings in the simulations.
Different smart charging simulation set-up scenarios are designed and executed. In all simulations a real-world charging data set with 300.000 historic charging sessions was used. For each session, a new smart charging profile is determined by the optimization algorithms. The session price and …