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Over the last decades, the annual global internet protocol (IP) traffic has been increasing at an enormous rate and is going to further increase. Overall IP traffic will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 24% from 2016-2021 [1]. The total annual global IP traffic has already surpassed the zettabyte (1000 exabytes) threshold in 2016 [1].

This ongoing traffic expansion can be attributed to several trends. In the internet of things, more and more devices are connected in networks, eg, smart phones, TVs, machines, computers, etc.[2]. In addition, new concepts such as smart factory or smart home accelerate this trend even more [3, 4]. Another key factor for the increased traffic is video content, which is expected to drive 80% of all internet traffic in 2021 [1]. Next to end user data traffic, both inter and intra data center traffic are market drivers for high data rate products, especially for cloud computing applications [5–8 …