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Precision time protocol (PTP), a state-of-the-art clock synchronization protocol primarily designed for wired networks, has recently gained attention in the wireless community, due to the increased use of the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLAN) in real-time distributed systems. However, all the existing WLAN-based PTP designs either incorporate software timestamping (TS) delivering poor clock synchronization accuracy, or hardware (HW) TS providing better synchronization accuracy at the cost of a significant amount of HW overhead. Moreover, the performance of the existing PTP solutions is mostly evaluated in single-hop wireless networks, while the performance across wired and wireless networks is taken for granted. In this article, a new software-defined-radio-based approach to implement PTP is introduced and validated for the IEEE 802.11 WLAN. Instead of using a dedicated HW clock, the solution …