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The power supply of remote sites and applications at minimal cost and with low emissions is an important issue when discussing future energy concepts. This paper presents the modelling and optimization of a stand-alone hybrid energy system. The system consists of photovoltaic (PV) panels and a wind turbine as renewable power sources, a diesel generator for back-up power and batteries to store excess energy and to improve the system reliability.

For storage the technologies of lithium-ion, lead-acid, vanadium redox-flow or a combination thereof have been considered. To be able to use different battery technologies at the same time, a battery management system (BMS) is needed. The presented BMS minimizes operation costs while taking into account different battery operating points and ageing mechanisms.

The system is modelled and implemented in Matlab/Simulink. As input, the model uses data of the …