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The host–gut microbiota interaction has been the focus of increasing interest in recent years. It has been determined that this complex interaction is not only essential to many aspects of normal “mammalian” physiology but that it may also contribute to a multitude of ailments, from the obvious case of inflammatory bowel disease to (complex) diseases residing in organs outside the gut. An increasing body of evidence indicates that crosstalk between host and microbiota is pathophysiologically relevant in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Interactions are bidirectional; on the one hand, uremia affects both the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota and, on the other hand, important uremic toxins originate from microbial metabolism. In addition, gut dysbiosis may induce a disruption of the epithelial barrier, ultimately resulting in increased exposure of the host to endotoxins. Due to dietary …