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Carnegie Mellon Rice University Carnegie Mellon jgmorris@ cs. cmu. edu matthias@ cs. rice. edu rwh@ cs. emu. edu

Most specifications of garbage collectors concentrate on the low-level algorithmic details of how to find and preserve accessible objects. Often, they focus on bit-level manipulations such as “scanning stack frames,”“marking objects,”‘(tagging data,” etc. While these details are important in some contexts, they often obscure the more fundamental aspects of memory management: what objects are garbage and why?