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Concrete is quasi-brittle material susceptible to cracking under tensile or shear stress. In case of continuous network of crack is formed, concrete structure becomes permeable and embedded rebar may be exposed to ambient air, hence escalating the risk of material degradation. On the other side, concrete infrastructures industry is facing pressing sustainability issues. Concrete production consumes high amount of energy and produces large amount of CO2 emission. The scale of the problem is even greater in the event of many concrete structure premature failure which consumes more raw material for rebuilding. Designing new infrastructures for longer service life by improving concrete (materials and structure) durability is one solution to overcome the dilemma. One promising concept is by incorporating self-healing mechanism found in nature into cement-based materials / concrete structural element.

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