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Emerging literature shows that stem cells regulate bacterial infections. Stem cells inhibit bacterial growth by secreting antimicrobial peptides/proteins, modulating the immune system, and activating macrophages and neutrophils. This chapter focuses on stem cells’ role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, can be recovered from TB patients’ stem cells. Recently, it has been shown that stem cells can internalize Mtb via the phagocytic route. Stem cells limit the proliferation of intracellular Mtb; however, they cannot kill Mtb. Upon entering stem cells, Mtb quickly moves to the lipid bodies and accumulates lipids in the cell wall. Mtb cannot use mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for active replication. Mtb hides from the immune system using MSCs. Stem cells overexpress several ABC transporters/efflux pumps, preventing antimycobacterial drug accumulation and …