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The human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor used to prevent and treat neutropenia. G-CSF stimulates the bone marrow to produce infection-fighting granulocytes. Food and Drug Administration of the United States approved G-CSF in 1991 and its PEGylated version in 2002 as a prophylactic and therapeutic measure against neutropenia. Recombinant human G-CSF is produced in surrogate host Escherichia coli and is PEGylated at N-terminal. Besides neutropenia, G-CSF is also used in bone marrow transplantation for the mobilization and maturation of peripheral blood stem cells. Considering the requirement of producing G-CSF therapeutic in large quantities, construct designing for high expression is critical for the biopharmaceutical and industrial application. Earlier studies have employed approaches such as codon optimization, use of strong promoters, employment of protein tags, secretion signals, optimization of protein folding, etc., for increasing expression and yield of therapeutic proteins. In this study, it was observed that mRNA transcribed from the native human cDNA of G-CSF and the codon-optimized variant leads to low protein expression in E. coli. To understand the underlying reasons, the mRNA secondary structure of the 5′ end of the G-CSF transcript was analyzed. This analysis revealed the presence of stable secondary structures at the 5′ end of the G-CSF transcript, arising from the native human gene and even from the codon-optimized sequence. These secondary structures were disrupted through translationally silent mutations within the first 24 nucleotides of the transcript …