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The Bayesian approach to vision provides a fruitful theoretical framework both for modeling individual cues, such as stereo, shading, texture, and occlusion, and for integrating their information. In this formalism we represent the viewed scene by one, or more, surfaces using prior assumptions about the surface shapes and material properties. On theoretical grounds, the less information available to the cues (and the less accurate it is), the more important these assumptions become. This suggests that visual illusions, and biased perceptions, will arise for scenes for which the prior assumptions are not appropriate. We describe psychophysical experiments which are consistent with these ideas. Our Bayesian approach also has two important implications for coupling different visual cues. First, different cues cannot in general be treated independently and then simply combined together at the end. There are …