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A rolling bearing is an important connecting part between rotating machines. It is susceptible to mechanical stress and wear, which affect the running state of bearings. In order to effectively identify the fault types and analyze the fault severity of rolling bearings, a rolling bearing fault diagnosis method based on multiscale amplitude-aware permutation entropy (MAAPE) and random forest is proposed in this paper. The vibration signals of rolling bearings to be analyzed are decomposed into different coarse-grained time series by using the coarse-graining procedure in multiscale entropy, highlighting the fault dynamic characteristics of vibration signals at different scales. The fault features contained in the coarse-grained time series at different time scales are extracted by using amplitude-aware permutation entropy’s sensitive characteristics to signal amplitude and frequency changes to form fault feature vectors. The fault feature vector set is used to establish the random forest multi-classifier, and the fault type identification and fault severity analysis of rolling bearings is realized through random forest. In order to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments were fully conducted in this paper. The experimental results show that multiscale amplitude-aware permutation entropy can effectively extract fault features of rolling bearings from vibration signals, and the extracted feature vectors have high separability. Compared with other rolling bearing fault diagnosis methods, the proposed method not only has higher fault type identification accuracy, but also can analyze the fault severity of rolling bearings to some extent …