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In the last few years, smart cities have attracted considerable attention because they are considered a response to the complex challenges that modern cities face. Smart cities can provide innovative solutions in various domains such as environment, economy, mobility, and safety with technology as enabler. However, this is only possible if the citizens, the end users, are involved in the design of the smart city. The aim of this chapter is to provide a repository of methods and useful guidelines to manage citizen participation in the design of smart cities.

By means of a literature review from different research areas and an analysis of concrete and well-established smart cities, the relevant methods of citizen participation are identified and described. These methods are bundled into three categories: citizens as democratic participants, citizens as cocreators, and citizens as information and communication technology users …