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Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is expected to play a critical role in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) for beyond fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems. The unrivaled benefits of NOMA along with the multi-tier architecture of HetNets has the potential to significantly improve the performance of cellular networks. Motivated by such possibilities, this article provides a new resource optimization scheme for efficient cellular device association and optimal power control in NOMA-enabled HetNets. Our objective is to maximize the energy efficiency of the proposed HetNets while guaranteeing the signal decoding and minimum rate of each cellular device. The problem of cellular device association and power control is jointly formulated as a non-convex optimization. Since the problem of energy efficiency is coupled with both devise association and power control, it contains high complexity and, hence, it is very …