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Future wireless networks are expected to connect large-scale low-powered communication devices using the available spectrum resources. Backscatter communications (BC) is an emerging technology towards battery-free transmission in future wireless networks by leveraging ambient radio frequency (RF) waves that enable communications among wireless devices. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has recently drawn significant attention due to its high spectral efficiency. The combination of these two technologies can play an important role in the development of future networks. This paper proposes a new optimization approach to enhance the spectral efficiency of nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-BC network. Our framework simultaneously optimizes the power allocation of base station and reflection coefficient (RC) of the backscatter device in each cell under the assumption of imperfect signal …